Radiology Machines

 Types of X-ray Machines

• Practically all X-ray equipment used in veterinary radiography was designed and constructed for human use and suffers from various disadvantages when used for veterinary purposes.
• While there is a very wide variety of machines of different size, power and manufacture, they may be divided into three main groups.
  
  
  
  
  

Portable-X-ray Apparatus.

• Commonly used in veterinary practice because of convenient transportation. The maximum output usually varies from 70-110 kv and 15-35 mA.
• In such machines the transformers are of small size and low weight and are located within the tube head immediately adjacent to the X-ray tube.
• The tube head itself is supported on a tube stand which may comprise either a small table top model or a considerably more substantial floor stand mounted on wheels.
• The apparatus also has a small control panel which is attached to the tube stand or the tube head or supported on a separate stand.

Advantages

• Relatively cheap and require little maintenance.
• They cost less than other types of machine.
• They are strongly constructed and need little maintenance.
• They can be operated from any 12 – or 15-A electrical point.
• They can be easily transported for use on farms or other premises.
• They are light and easily maneuvered and therefore suitable for radiographing the legs of restless horses.

Disadvantages

• Because of low electrical output, these machines are of limited value in radiographic examination.

Range of use

• Large animals. Such machines are particularly suitable for radiography of the feet of horses but of limited use for any examinations above the corpus or tarsus. Small animals.
• Portable apparatus should be satisfactory for the radiographic examination of the entire skeletal system of the dog and cat (with the possible exception of the vertebral column of particularly large dogs).
• There are, however, limitations on the usefulness of these smaller machines for radiography of the abdomen and chest in these species.
  

 Dental X-ray Apparatus

• Apparatus manufactured for dental use is sometimes advocated for veterinary use because of its low price.
• Such machines are of low output (in the region of 10 m A and 70 k V) and are designed to only cover a small area of the patient.
• The precise use which could be made of such machines would depend in part on the skill of the operator, but they are likely to be restricted to the examination of cats and the smallest dogs.

Mobile X-ray Apparatus

 

• These machines have higher output than portable machines by virtue of their larger transformers and are mounted on wheels with output of 90-125kv and 40 to 300mA. Most machines are movable on smooth surface within the radiology section.
• In machines of this type the transformers are larger to permit higher output and because of their increased weight are no longer located in the tube head but are mounted on wheels and form the best of the apparatus.
• These sets cannot be taken apart and the tube stand and control panel are built into the apparatus .
• These machines can be moved over level surfaces and, in most instances, operated from 13-15 A sockets.

True X-ray Mobility

The founders of the Swedish company Solutions for tomorrow didn’t believe that the term “mobile X-ray” described the reality. With their new mobile X-ray equipment – where both the size and the charging time of the batteries have been minimized – they hope to set a new industry standard.

- Together we have more than 40 years experience of this industry, says Mattias Guldstrand, CEO and one of the founders of Solutions for tomorrow. Mattias and his partners Martin Yngvesson (COO) and Jan-Olov Lundström (CTO) decided to develop an X-ray equipment that was mobile – for real. The smallest and lightest X-ray unit in the market was launched at the ECR congress a year ago.

- Despite the fact that we only presented a prototype at ECR, the interest it generated was enormous. Whatever doubts we might have had about the direction we were heading, were erased at that time. We felt that this was something the industry had been waiting for.

The REAL X-Ray spex

A hi-tech chip allows a phone to 'see through' walls, wood and plastics - and (although the researchers are coy about this) through fabrics such as clothing. 

Doctors could also use the imagers to look inside the body for cancer tumours without damaging X-Rays or large, expensive MRI scanners.

The researchers claim it could allow DIYers to detect studs within walls, or allow businesses to detect counterfeit money.

At present, it's designed to work over a short range - and works with a normal-sized microchip that could fit into phones or other handheld electronics.

The team's research involves tapping into an unused range in the electromagnetic spectrum.

But the terahertz band of the electromagnetic spectrum, one of the wavelength ranges that falls between microwave and infrared, has not been accessible for most consumer devices.

'We've created approaches that open a previously untapped portion of the electromagnetic spectrum for consumer use and life-saving medical applications,' said Dr. Kenneth O, professor of electrical engineering at UT Dallas.

Backscatter X-ray

Backscatter X-ray 

is an advanced X-ray imaging technology. Traditional X-ray machines detect hard and soft materials by the variation in transmission through the target. In contrast, backscatter X-ray detects the radiation that reflects from the target. It has potential applications where less-destructive examination is required, and can be used if only one side of the target is available for examination.
The technology is one of two types of whole body imaging technologies that have been used to perform full-body scans of airline passengers to detect hidden weapons, tools, liquids, narcotics, currency, and other contraband. A competing technology is millimeter wave scanner. An airport security machine of this type is also referred to as "body scanner", "whole body imager (WBI)", "security scanner", and "naked scanner"

Deployments at airports

In the United States, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 required that all full-body scanners operated in airports by the Transportation Security Administration use "Automated Target Recognition" software, which replaces the picture of a nude body with the cartoon-like representation. As a result of this law, all backscatter X-ray machines formerly in use by the Transportation Security Administration were removed from airports by May 2013, since the agency said the vendor (Rapiscan) did not meet their contractual deadline to implement the software.
In the European Union, backscatter X-ray screening of airline passengers was banned in 2012 to protect passenger safety, and the deployment at Manchester Airport was removed.

 

Technology

Backscatter technology is based on the X-ray Compton scattering effect of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation. Unlike a traditional X-ray machine which relies on the transmission of X-rays through the object, backscatter X-ray detects the radiation that reflects from the object and forms an image. The backscatter pattern is dependent on the material property, and is good for imaging organic material.
In contrast to millimeter wave scanners which create a 3D image, backscatter X-ray scanners will typically only create a 2D image. For airport screening, images are taken from both sides of the human body.
Backscatter X-ray was first applied in a commercial low dose personnel scanning system by Dr. Steven W. Smith. Dr. Smith developed the Secure 1000 whole body scanner in 1992 and then sold the device and associated patents to Rapiscan Systems who now manufactures and distributes the device.

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